{ "capsule": { "schema": "apk-scanner.proof/v2", "issuer": "apk-scanner.com", "issued_at": "2026-10-14T13:16:42.931Z", "app": { "app_id": "com.duolingo.literacy", "title": "Learn to Read - Duolingo ABC", "version": "1.26.0" }, "analysis": { "issues": [], "stages": { "pii": "complete", "sbom": "complete", "signing": "certificate_parsed", "strings": "complete", "manifest": "complete" }, "status": "complete", "grading": { "policy": "static-coverage-v1", "blockers": [], "eligible": true }, "timings_ms": { "total": 55077.468, "harvest": 13560.160000000064, "detectors": 36515.95899999984 }, "bytes_total": 219529647, "bytes_scanned": 219529647, "bytes_skipped": 0, "files_processed": 12212, "coverage_version": 2, "string_encodings": [ "ascii", "utf16le" ], "signature_validation": "not_performed" }, "provenance": { "mode": "static", "artifacts": [ { "name": "base.apk", "sha256": "d64b0e2d7d8f99da9348cbe24f0e97d914210add78c437b521a5698208f834d5" }, { "name": "config.en.apk", "sha256": "304a3209d686ebc6c728f067a50d5a898a43db88b3aed7a1b5aedbe19b111a6f" }, { "name": "config.es.apk", "sha256": "0c4e388e7eec12de759046daaaf3ca9f6e7f01bef729940c2df8a60a499d9484" }, { "name": "config.xxhdpi.apk", "sha256": "364ebf2f9c37b4cc37e098d4e0ad336a43903699f01a0c8e61efb961ecab3b8b" } ], "ruleset_sha256": "3bb79cc3710b0fb021feaa322578f4cffe08396a97c51b34df092b5a05891d5e" }, "apk_sha256": "d64b0e2d7d8f99da9348cbe24f0e97d914210add78c437b521a5698208f834d5", "scan": { "scan_id": "0865df33-308a-4d6f-bd93-e5af1c65e77b", "scanned_at": "2026-10-10T13:00:44.270Z", "grade": "A", "score": 98 }, "apk_signer": { "scheme": "v3", "subject_o": "Duolingo", "subject_cn": null, "sha256": "dbada6134c28ba58488d9cd0ad578cc47f9a5996f3b67e7461243a24d06dd920", "not_after": "2046-06-24T16:05:08+00:00" }, "counts": { "critical": 0, "high": 0, "medium": 0, "low": 2, "info": 1 }, "findings": [ { "finding_type": 37, "severity": "info", "title": "Application data is backup-enabled", "redacted_display": "android:allowBackup=\"true\"", "fingerprint": "68d134f0bcd98a9559d6dd5275f80a3928e4a6490ac4a0f1bd16f87683bd49f8", "verified": false, "cwe": [ "CWE-530", "CWE-312" ], "masvs": [ "MASVS-STORAGE-1", "MASVS-STORAGE-2" ], "remediation": "Backup is on by default on Android; this manifest states it explicitly. If the app stores sensitive local data, define dataExtractionRules/fullBackupContent to exclude it, or set android:allowBackup=false." }, { "finding_type": 20, "severity": "low", "title": "Google API key (client-shipped; restriction unverified)", "redacted_display": "AIza•••••••• (21–40 chars, redacted)", "fingerprint": "56015b6c508583908f9fbaf4a4d634556c6f7edb8b3b5e488b8d42ff3ed1bb2d", "verified": false, "cwe": [ "CWE-798" ], "masvs": [ "MASVS-STORAGE-1" ], "remediation": "Restrict the API key (application + API restrictions in Google Cloud Console); a client-shipped key is public, so restriction is the control." }, { "finding_type": 53, "severity": "low", "title": "Firebase Storage bucket reference", "redacted_display": "████████████", "fingerprint": "c72a9ca686fd555d4ebf5bc20f429419e4b9de4c28ace2920c1442a6b986ad96", "verified": false, "cwe": [ "CWE-200", "CWE-284" ], "masvs": [ "MASVS-STORAGE-2" ], "remediation": "Confirm the bucket/database denies anonymous read (enable auth / storage rules / RLS), then audit its contents for data already exposed while it was open." } ], "live_verification": { "verified_count": 0, "items": [] }, "trackers_count": 1, "pii": { "sources": 0, "identifiers": [ "Android ID", "Device ID / IMEI" ], "destinations": 0 }, "sbom": { "component_count": 72, "vuln_count": 0, "components": [ { "name": "androidx.activity:activity", "version": "1.6.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.activity:activity-ktx", "version": "1.6.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.annotation:annotation-experimental", "version": "1.3.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.appcompat:appcompat", "version": "1.6.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.appcompat:appcompat-resources", "version": "1.6.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.arch.core:core-runtime", "version": "2.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.asynclayoutinflater:asynclayoutinflater", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.browser:browser", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.cardview:cardview", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.coordinatorlayout:coordinatorlayout", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.core:core", "version": "1.9.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.core:core-ktx", "version": "1.9.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.cursoradapter:cursoradapter", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.customview:customview", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.databinding:viewbinding", "version": "8.9.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.datastore:datastore", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.documentfile:documentfile", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.drawerlayout:drawerlayout", "version": "1.1.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.dynamicanimation:dynamicanimation", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.emoji2:emoji2", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.emoji2:emoji2-views-helper", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.exifinterface:exifinterface", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.fragment:fragment", "version": "1.5.7", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.fragment:fragment-ktx", "version": "1.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.interpolator:interpolator", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.legacy:legacy-support-core-ui", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.legacy:legacy-support-core-utils", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.legacy:legacy-support-v4", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-livedata-core", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-livedata-core-ktx", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-process", "version": "2.4.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-ktx", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-savedstate", "version": "2.5.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.loader:loader", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.localbroadcastmanager:localbroadcastmanager", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.media:media", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-common", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-common-ktx", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-fragment", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-fragment-ktx", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-runtime", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-runtime-ktx", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-ui", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.navigation:navigation-ui-ktx", "version": "2.5.2", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.preference:preference", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.preference:preference-ktx", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.print:print", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.savedstate:savedstate", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.savedstate:savedstate-ktx", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.slidingpanelayout:slidingpanelayout", "version": "1.2.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.startup:startup-runtime", "version": "1.1.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.swiperefreshlayout:swiperefreshlayout", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.tracing:tracing", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.transition:transition", "version": "1.4.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.vectordrawable:vectordrawable", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.vectordrawable:vectordrawable-animated", "version": "1.1.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.versionedparcelable:versionedparcelable", "version": "1.1.1", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.viewpager2:viewpager2", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.viewpager:viewpager", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "androidx.window:window", "version": "1.0.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.google.android.material:material", "version": "1.4.0-beta01", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.google.dagger:dagger", "version": "2.44", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.google.dagger:dagger-lint-aar", "version": "2.44", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.google.dagger:hilt-android", "version": "2.44", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.google.dagger:hilt-core", "version": "2.44", "cves": [] }, { "name": "com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp", "version": "4.12.0", "cves": [] }, { "name": "kotlinx:coroutines_android", "version": "1.6.4", "cves": [] }, { "name": "kotlinx:coroutines_core", "version": "1.6.4", "cves": [] } ] }, "control_coverage": { "schema": "apk-scanner.coverage/v1", "framework": "OWASP MASVS v2", "disclaimer": "Static, metadata-only analysis. Each control is scored evidence-for / gap-signal / requires-manual-testing. This is evidence toward a MASVS assessment, NOT a certification — apk-scanner.com is not an authorized assessment lab. Absence of a static finding does not prove a control passes.", "rows": [ { "control": "MASVS-STORAGE-1", "category": "STORAGE", "title": "The app securely stores sensitive data.", "static": "partial", "status": "gap-detected", "count": 2, "findings": [ { "finding_type": 37, "key": "allow_backup", "title": "Application data is backup-enabled", "severity": "info", "verified": false, "relationship": "gap-signal", "cwe": [ 530, 312 ] }, { "finding_type": 20, "key": "google_api_key", "title": "Google API key (client-shipped; restriction unverified)", "severity": "low", "verified": false, "relationship": "gap-signal", "cwe": [ 798 ] } ] }, { "control": "MASVS-STORAGE-2", "category": "STORAGE", "title": "The app prevents leakage of sensitive data.", "static": "partial", "status": "gap-detected", "count": 2, "findings": [ { "finding_type": 37, "key": "allow_backup", "title": "Application data is backup-enabled", "severity": "info", "verified": false, "relationship": "gap-signal", "cwe": [ 530, 312 ] }, { "finding_type": 53, "key": "firebase_storage", "title": "Firebase Storage bucket reference", "severity": "low", "verified": false, "relationship": "gap-signal", "cwe": [ 200, 284 ] } ] }, { "control": "MASVS-CRYPTO-1", "category": "CRYPTO", "title": "The app employs current strong cryptography and uses it according to best practices.", "static": "partial", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-CRYPTO-2", "category": "CRYPTO", "title": "The app performs key management according to best practices.", "static": "partial", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-AUTH-1", "category": "AUTH", "title": "The app uses secure authentication and authorization protocols.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-AUTH-2", "category": "AUTH", "title": "The app performs local authentication securely.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-AUTH-3", "category": "AUTH", "title": "The app secures sensitive operations with additional authentication.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-NETWORK-1", "category": "NETWORK", "title": "The app secures all network traffic according to current best practices.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-NETWORK-2", "category": "NETWORK", "title": "The app verifies the identity of the remote endpoint (e.g. certificate pinning).", "static": "partial", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PLATFORM-1", "category": "PLATFORM", "title": "The app uses IPC mechanisms securely.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PLATFORM-2", "category": "PLATFORM", "title": "The app uses WebViews securely.", "static": "partial", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PLATFORM-3", "category": "PLATFORM", "title": "The app uses the user interface securely.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-CODE-1", "category": "CODE", "title": "The app requires an up-to-date platform version.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-CODE-2", "category": "CODE", "title": "The app has a mechanism for enforcing updates.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-CODE-3", "category": "CODE", "title": "The app only uses software components without known vulnerabilities.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-CODE-4", "category": "CODE", "title": "The app validates and sanitizes all untrusted inputs and follows secure-coding practice.", "static": "partial", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-RESILIENCE-1", "category": "RESILIENCE", "title": "The app validates the integrity of the platform.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-RESILIENCE-2", "category": "RESILIENCE", "title": "The app implements anti-tampering mechanisms.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-RESILIENCE-3", "category": "RESILIENCE", "title": "The app implements anti-static-analysis mechanisms.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-RESILIENCE-4", "category": "RESILIENCE", "title": "The app implements anti-dynamic-analysis techniques.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PRIVACY-1", "category": "PRIVACY", "title": "The app minimizes access to sensitive data and resources.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PRIVACY-2", "category": "PRIVACY", "title": "The app prevents identification of the user.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PRIVACY-3", "category": "PRIVACY", "title": "The app is transparent about data collection and usage.", "static": "yes", "status": "no-static-findings", "count": 0, "findings": [] }, { "control": "MASVS-PRIVACY-4", "category": "PRIVACY", "title": "The app offers user control over their data.", "static": "manual", "status": "requires-manual-testing", "count": 0, "findings": [] } ], "categories": [ { "category": "STORAGE", "controls": 2, "gaps": 2, "verified": 0, "manual": 0 }, { "category": "CRYPTO", "controls": 2, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 0 }, { "category": "AUTH", "controls": 3, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 3 }, { "category": "NETWORK", "controls": 2, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 0 }, { "category": "PLATFORM", "controls": 3, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 1 }, { "category": "CODE", "controls": 4, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 1 }, { "category": "RESILIENCE", "controls": 4, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 4 }, { "category": "PRIVACY", "controls": 4, "gaps": 0, "verified": 0, "manual": 1 } ] } }, "proof": { "alg": "ed25519", "key_id": "IE6LeZNX4dAAPLGr", "digest_sha256": "71f86683b9768bf4993067e53c45011b33dab60a9f79b7d4f9134c7f2d24f4f0", "signature": "VeCXJOVz2uo9FZnN8KQL5Nbps2/yhfb4N/qF18t6/+OQlCzy9QTc+/apMSxRkhVmyf5SbxEKvw0ENs5ao2UJCg==", "public_key_pem": "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\nMCowBQYDK2VwAyEAwH2fYdYB5nD0CQslDtG3FgafcJBoOX2OGoT80Woksrk=\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n", "verify_url": "https://apk-scanner.com/verify" } }